The State Of Male Privilege In Contemporary Society Sociology Essay

The State Of Male Privilege In Contemporary Society Sociology Essay The state of male privilege within society is greatly debated. Both past and present day academics, have considered the extent of its presence and effects within society in relation to spatial and geographical dimensions. Over time, a vast selection of literature claiming that male privilege heavily affects womens power and opportunity for equality between the sexes has accumulated. This literature is a reaction to issues such as women consistently taking lower wages in the workforce and being repressed by the family unit, cultures, religion, politics and society as a whole. This has resulted in limitations for women due to stereotypical gender roles reinforced in both work and home spaces. However, the increased empowerment of women must be noted through the last century, for example, when women won the right to vote. The last decade witnessed Farrells (1993) works on The Myth of Male Power which has cast a rather different light on the alleged privileges of man. Leaving one to ques tion whether, in fact, it is to women that freedom and privilege belongs; Goldin and Katz (2006) discuss this phenomenon in The reversal of the college gender gap. Are men perhaps, as Farrell (1993) suggests, perhaps the subordinated sex? For the purposes of this essay, male privilege will be defined as the notion that the male population of society is granted rights and statuses based strictly on the grounds of their gender, thus women are denied equal liberties. Patriarchy, as a concept strongly associated with male privilege is defined as a system of social structures and practices, through which men dominate, oppress and exploit women, according to The Dictionary of Human Geography (Gregory et al. 2009). Cosslett et al (1996) highlight the theme of patriarchy is evident within theological structures. They also refer to a verse from the book of Timothy in the New Testament which clearly suggests that women are subordinate to men. Let a women learn in silence with all submissiveness. I permit no woman to teach or to have authority over men; she is to keep silent. For Adam was formed first, then Eve; and Adam was not deceived, bit the woman was deceived and became a transgressor. Yet woman will be saved through bearing children, if she continues in faith and love and holiness, with modesty. (1 Timothy 2.11-15) 1 Timothy 2.11-15 suggests that women are the cause of sin and deception. Eve, as the representation of the female form was deliberately disobedient when provided with the opportunity to exercise her own authority. Christianity interprets this foundational allegory in order to offer an explanation for the sexual hierarchy existing within society. According to Therborn (2004), the world of patriarchy remained part of society throughout the 1900s. The law of the father remained a substantial part of understanding society during the 1900s. The role of the father was to rule over the children continuing into adult life, until they were married. It was generally perceived that men were super-ordinate to their wives, thus men had generational authority. So much so, that despite a general expectation that men should keep a mistress in Latin Europe and America, divorce was incredibly difficult and a uniquely male privilege in China and Muslim countries (Therborn, 2004). Female freedom was incredibly restricted, entirely controlled by their male authority, whether it be by their father or husband. Movement in public spaces for women was physically restrained almost everywhere, however, restrictions varied to a great extent. In North-America and North-western Europe, sexually ambiguous spaces including the streets after dark, restauran ts, theatres and other places of entertainment were usually off-limits to women unless being escorted (Therborn, 2004). However, Therborn (2004) noted that more extreme measures were taken to restrain womens movement elsewhere, for example, in an area of land between the Gangetic plains of the redundant Mughal Empire to the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Women of the upper conservative classes rarely left their female quarters, let alone their home; it was expected that they should only set foot outside their home for events such as their marriage, their fathers death and at their own burial. On the few occasions when they did leave their home, they were wrapped up and veiled. Therborn (2004) discusses not only the restrictions that were placed on womens movement through space but physical restraints places on their body by men. Women in China endured great suffering; forced to conform to the male concept of beauty their feet were broken and bound up as a tribute to their male authority. Jackson (1990) suggests that some homosexual men may have suffered oppression under patriarchy (such as compulsory heterosexuality), as well as the inherent exploitation of women. Brittan (1989, p.4) considers that masculinity or patriarchy assumes that heterosexuality is normal, it accepts without question the sexual division of labour, and sanctions the political and dominant role of men in the public and private spheres. Essentially certain forms of masculinity are privileged, subordinating other forms. Thus, homosexuality is treated as secondary to heterosexuality, just as women are to men. The continued oppression and abuse of women through time and place inspired the sentiments of Mary Wollstonecraft two centuries ago, who wrote, I [only] wish women to have powerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦over themselves, as highlighted by Finch (1996). As the second wave of feminism began to gain strength in Britain in the 1960s, views of the family changed, as feminists argued the family was a fundamental cause of womens oppression (Finch, 1996). Finch (1996) questions whether or not the family represents restriction of opportunities, thus positioning women as subordinates to men within the family unit. He suggests that the gender relations characteristic of the dominant family form are key to understanding a womans place within society. However, Finch (1996) argues that in recent years the family form has altered. Therborn (2004) suggests that the early twentieth century saw de-patriarchalization occurring at an incredible rate. No other social institution through time has been forced to retre at and loosen its hold as much. The retreat of patriarchy from society has been aided by legal enforcement; for example, when women (all over the age of 21) won the right to vote in 1928 as well as the UN declaration of human rights 1948, which stated: Men and Women of full age, without any limitations due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage, and its dissolution Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses So the family form has changed and continues to change; as the first wave of feminism spurred on de-patriarchalization in the early twentieth century followed by the second wave come the 1960s, womens rights within marriage and the family were increasing. A womans ability to succeed in the eyes of Mary Wollstonecraft has to go against the grain of social life (Finch, 1996, p.20), in combination with favourable circumstances allowing a woman to gain financial independence. However, Finch (1996) recognises that this remains a difficult task even at the end of the twentieth century. Callen and Wren (1994) report a sharp rise on the hourly wages that Irish women received relative to their male counterparts during the 1970s, after the introduction of the equal pay legislation and anti-discrimination legislation. Over the past few decades the male-female wage gap has seemingly shrunk by about half. This narrowing was particularly dramatic in the 1980s but since has levelled out and remained more stable (Doms and Lewis, 2007). However, it remains that women only earn approximately 70% of the amount their male colleagues earn for the same jobs. This is evidence that men seem to have privileges which women lack. Simon and Landis (1989) suggest that the wage gap between men and women cannot narrow to equality until both genders have equal employment. Conversely, most of the figures quoted for the male-female wage gap are for production workers in the manufacturing industry, but this group of workers amounts to just 1 in 3 of all employees and less than 1 in 5 of all fe male employees (Callen and Wren, 1994). Thus, it is debateable as to whether this sub-group of the economy can provide an accurate representation of the male-female wage gap. It is also important to note that women are more highly concentrated in the younger age groups within the workforce; 70% women: 52% men were aged 35 or below. This is usually attributed to many women, especially married women, tending to leave the labour market during the years of child-bearing and child-rearing (Callen and Wren, 1994). This can affect the wage gap because generally wage gaps for groups of a similar age, or possessing similar labour market experience are smaller. The wage gap is often around just 7% for those under the age of 35. Despite increasing numbers of women returning to work after having children, many still feel that child-care and other family responsibilities are the main reason that they did not seek out paid work. The presence of a pre-school child (age 0-4) makes it much less likely that a woman will return to work (Callen and Wren, 1994). This effect is not at all mirrored in the case of men. McDowell (1997) suggests that this is due to the binaries that exist in society; the workplace is a male dominated space while the home is a female dominated space. However, Hochschild (2003) notes a staggering increase in mothers returning to work in America with children aged 3 and under, from 34% in 1975, to 61% in 2000. 90% of women that do return to the workforce have found that they still are expected to be responsible for finding and organising childcare. Whilst this increase in the number of mothers that are working outside the home may suggest that women are gaining power over themselves, it may a lso be attributed to a change from Fordist notions of a family wage. Rather, womens work has absorbed the deindustrialisation of America and the decline in mens wages (Hochschild, 2003). In fact, Pratt (2002) predicts that by 2025 women in the UK will possess 60% of the nations wealth, and by 2020 just 47% of the UKs millionaires will be men. Garai and Scheinfield (1968) suggest that the majority of studies report that men advance further in the workforce, whilst women are left behind with the expectation to get married and have children because boys have a clearer concept of their future occupational roles, are more realistic in their vocational planning, and less frequently engaged in unrealistic fantasies and pipedreams about future happiness than girls. Is the privilege and success of men within the workforce due to a lack of aspiration and focus on employment from women? Or is it as Spencer and Podmore (1987) have suggested, that womens careers are unplanned due to an indecisive nature as well as suffering from breaks for child-rearing? This began to change as in the 1960s and 1970s, young womens expectations for their futures were changing, and no longer did they expect to follow in their mothers footsteps. By 1980, levels of male and female graduates had reached parity, but womens greater increase rate did not slow; in 2003, there were 1.35 for every one male 4-year college graduates, and 1.30 for every one male undergraduate (Goldin and Katz, 2006). Thus the 21st century witnessed a reversal in the college gender gap. This effect is not purely a phenomenon of the USA; it is now occurring in nearly all OECD countries. In the three surveys conducted to assess the college gender gap, Goldin and Katz (2006) reported that girls achieved consistently higher grades than boys did throughout high school. In the Wisconsin data of high school seniors graduating in 1957, the high school rank of the median girls was 21 percentile points above the median boy. This difference whilst less extreme still remained with a 16 percent ile point difference in 1992 graduated in the NELS data (Goldin and Katz, 2006). Therefore, demonstrating that girls have an academic privilege over boys. Evidence that the college gender gap and the male-female wage gap is narrowing perhaps lead to Farrell (1993) to question whether male power is a myth, further exploring the idea that men are not the privileged gender. Farrell (1993) considers the many ways in which women are argued to be subordinate to their male counterparts; feeling of powerless through fears of pregnancy, ageing, rape, date rape, and being physically overpowered, less exposure to team sports and its blend of competitiveness and cooperation that is so helpful to career preparation, greater parental pressure to marry and interrupt career for children without regard for her wishes, to name but a few. The conclusion to these experiences of women across the globe is that women have the problem, men are the problem (Farrell, 1993, p.27-28). However, Farrell (1993) then puts a different spin on the concept of gender privilege, claiming that men have a different experience. When a man tries to keep up with payments by working overtime and is told he is insensitive, or tries to handle the stress by drinking and is told he is a drunkard, he does not feel powerful, but powerless. When he fears a cry for help will be met with stop whiningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ he skips past attempting suicide as a cry for help and just commits suicide. Thus menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦increasingly become the suicide sex. (Farrell, 1993, p27-28) Farrell (1993) suggests that when we look at life expectancy, we acknowledge that blacks dying six years sooner than whites reflects the powerlessness of blacks in American society. Yet a man dying on average seven years sooner than a woman is rarely considered a reflection of powerlessness. If the seven year gap is biological, why was it just a one year gap in 1920? If life expectancy is one of the best indictors of power, then suicide is one of the best indicators of powerlessness, Power is the ability to control ones life. Death tends to reduce control (Farrell, 1993, p27-28). Until boys and girls reach the age of 9 rates of suicide are equal, but from the age of 10, as a boy grows older he is far more likely to commit suicide than a girl of the same age. Between the ages of 20-24, a male is 6 times more inclined to commit suicide than a female. By the age of 85, the suicide rate for men has increased to 1350% higher than for women of the same age. This suggests perhaps that men h ave a less privileged life, for feeling more stressed with work may cause an inclination toward suicide. It is easy to ignore the influence and power that a woman possesses, which a mother can have over her children including both sons and daughters. But it is the mother who is able to make their childs everyday life heaven or hell through discipline, whether that be making their bedtime earlier, taking away desserts, or grounding the child if they do not obey (Farrell, 1993). Few men are able to say they hold this kind of influence or power. Despite the old saying that man is master of the house, many men feel they were visitors in their wives castle. A wife may feel that a mans home is his castle, but from a husbands perspective, his wifes home is his mortgage. In the past, the prohibition against divorce gave a woman security in her workplace (the home), knowing they would be supported. However, no man could say he had a similar security in his workplace; his source of income could fire him, whilst her source of income could not fire her. Even today, now that divorce is a legal option, if a man quits his job, he does not receive unemployment pay. Yet, if she initiates divorce, she is able to take a half share of their possessions. Perhaps then, women possess greater privileges than men? It has been a long held assumption that women spend a greater amount of time on housework and childcare than men spend working, concluding that women work two jobs, men work one (Farrell, 1993, p.37). However, a study by the University of Michigan (1991) found the average man worked 61 hours per week, while the average woman works 56 hours a week. A nationwide study in 1975 found similarly that husbands did 53% of the total work, including childcare, housework, work outside the home, commuting and gardening, while wives did only 47%. A mans freedom or lack of it has been compared to that of a slave; a slave is expected to give up their seat for a woman, or to help her put on her coat like a slave would for their master (Farrell, 1993). Men as opposed to women are expected to do societys most hazardous jobs, like ones slave would have been given (Farrell, 1993).The difference simply being societys rules and expectations of men, such as that of politeness, whilst slaves act out of subservience. A man may feel through expectation that in a sense he is being discriminated against, but there is evidence that women also experience this. Black congressman Shirley Chisholms statement that she faced far more discrimination as a woman than as a black was widely quoted (Farrell, 1993). Although, perhaps the greatest discrimination that American men experience of all, purely because of their gender, is the expectation that men and only men should be conscribed into combat in the case of war. Farrell (1993) explores the idea of the pro-choice woman and the no-choice man, arguing that registering all our 18-year old sons for the draft in the event of war is as sexist as registering all our 18-year old daughters for child-rearing in the event that the country requires more children. Is it fair that an 18-year boy can be barred from all federal employment from the US Post Office to the FBI, as well as facing a $250,000 fine and five years in prison if he refuses to register for the draft? Farrell (1993) suggests that in essence he is subject to being killed purely for not killing; for whilst in prison he will be subject to homosexual rape and thus AIDS because of his reputation for not wanting to fight. Is this fair, while a female who does not register is able to atte nd a state school or a private school with federal aid, get married, have children, or be single and work. In other words, a woman who does not sign up for the draft is free to live life as she pleases, while a man has an obligation to die (Farrell, 1993, p.130). To conclude, the understanding of male privilege has changed greatly over the last century. There are a great many examples over time and place which suggest that women have suffered under the dominance of man, but, it is by no means a universally accepted concept. Farrell (1993) has persistently argued that men find they are subordinates to women and children. Many of the issues around gender discrimination in the workplace in terms of employment and wages, have found improvements in favour of women, to the extent that Pratt (2002) suggests that in the UK women will possess more wealth than men by 2025. However, male privilege remains prominent in other aspects of society, only time will tell whether this will remain or will gradually fade. It is difficult to say how near or far society is from gender equality due to the vast disputes as to the state of male privilege that exists today.

Essay --

In the book, Refusing the Favor, Deena J. Gonzalez investigates how the lives of Spanish-Mexican women in Santa Fe were affected when the United States colonized northern Mexico between the early and late 19th century. Her work focuses on the cultural contrast among the Euro-Americans and the Spanish-Mexicans in the area. Gonzalez analyzes the histories of women of the period through the lens of those who would bestow upon them "the favor" of colonialism. Hence, she indicates her position through the title of her book. She illustrates how female inhabitants of the defeated territory resisted and scorned the newly arrived powerful Anglo immigrants. She shows how women's responses to the conquest were extremely diverse and illustrates their efforts to preserve their culture. Much of her work focuses on the economic effects and cultural responses to the process of Americanization that took place in New Mexico after the United States took control of the territory. The author challenges the generally accepted history of the United States that has largely put forth that the U.S. conquest was "painless" and beneficial to Spanish-Mexicans in Santa Fe. New Mexico, long before the United States took over, always had a degree of "Spanish character". Her work focuses on Santa Fe which was one of the largest cities west of the Mississippi and oldest of all the territories of the Provincias Internas that opted to stay with Mexico in 1821. In 1846 the land was invaded and conquered by the United States. Much of her interpretation is on the lives of women in the capital city utilizing a range of sources, from travel literature, newspapers, wills, deeds, court records, Catholic Church Archives, Property Census records, and Spanish written sourc... ...zalez 72). Although about half of the Euro-American men in Santa Fe lived with Spanish-Mexican women by 1850, these unions included only several hundred of some four thousand Spanish-Mexican women and were therefore less significant from the perspective of Spanish-Mexican residents (Gonzalez 74). Gonzalez is an author with a mission: she wants to reverse traditional historiographical interpretations about the West, and specifically New Mexico. She wants to give life to the lifeless voices of women who lived in the era. It appears that Gonzalez's primary motive in writing Spanish-Mexican women into the history of U.S. conquest appears to show how the women of Santa Fe were affected and how they overcame a challenging systems which reshaped their lives. In the end, the author successfully achieves her goal of rescuing the voices of New Mexican Spanish Mexican women.

To His Coy Mistress: Beneath The Romance Essay -- essays research pape

Few would argue that on the surface level of Marvel's "To His Coy Mistress" the speaker is a lover advancing a conventional 'carpe diem' line of thought. He systematically reasons with his desired object about the futility of delaying their interlude when the hours available to them are limited, but the lyric may simultaneously function as a metaphor for Marvel's endeavors as a metaphysical poet. Metaphysical writers view poetry as an intellectual exercise, an opportunity to develop ideas in a logical, argumentative structure; for them, the object of poetry is not to serve as an outlet for an effusion of emotional sentiments. If one approaches "To a Coy Mistress" as a discussion of the pressures which time places upon a writer, Marvel's apostrophe takes on an ironic twist. He uses his analytical skills to coax his writing to manifest his intended desires, providing a playful look at the connection between a man and his work. Complicating this relationship is the necessity of negotiating under the terms and constraints of an outside third party: time. Marvel battles to balance his time between his public occupation as a member of the British Parliament, the Hull, and his more private pursuits as a writer. The superficially apparent pleas of a lover seeking a relationship serve as a mirror to Marvel's struggle to conquer his artistic prowess.The poem itself contains three distinct components of argumentation, all which occur within a syllogistic framework. The argumentation of each division begins with an acknowledged impossibility, represented by the conditional tenses of "Had we," "But," and "Now, therefore." Marvel comprehends his incapacity to master absolutely the antagonist of time, but in this poem, he achieves a victory through the creation of an interpretation of time unbounded by a linear backdrop. He uses a three tiered progression of argumentation: 1) a reflection of the writing process removed from traditional conceptions of time; 2) discourse on the urgency of creating written material wi thin human time frames; and 3) the presentation of written material as a celebration of life.In the first division, Marvel creates a world ideally conducive to his endeavors as a writer by distorting human measurement of time. In the beginning line, the vast and illimitable capacity of the backdrop blurs the re... ...al games, is advancing a more complex message. One of the hallmarks of metaphysical poets is the practice of metaphysical conceit, which is a figure of speech that employs unconventional and paradoxical images. Marvel engages in the challenging task of relating the struggles of a writer trying to direct his energy and ideas into a concrete format to the attempts of a lover trying to convince another to engage in sexual relations. The syllogistic framework of the poem seems to support the implausibility of such a relationship, but Marvel succeeds with his logical progression in formulating a unique perspective of a writer's plight. By constantly shifting its pace, the poem redefines the conception of time, asking one to consider how an artist must control his medium within time's constraints. The audience feels itself being gently introduced to the endless possibilities of the exploration of ideas just before entering a race against time to understand the frustration, fear and the ultimate explosion of excitement accompanying the writing experience. Marvel succeeds in validating the metaphysical tenets of prose, but only if the audience is clever enough to read beneath the romance.

Rap/Hip-Hop: The Effects on Today’s Youth Essay

Abstract Rap/Hip-Hop first became popular among African American and Latinos among youth in the streets of New York during the 1970’s. It was their way of expressing themselves in a friendly manner in the form of speech, fashion, and personal style. Rap/Hip-Hop music was a way for them to get their message out, by telling stories of their lifestyles. However, over the years Rap/Hip-Hop music has become much more popular for its explicit lyrics, reference of drugs, alcohol and sexual explicit videos. Many may ask â€Å"Could Rap/Hip-Hop music have a negative influence on today’s youth, because of its unhealthy messages†? This research paper will examine the effects of rap/hip-hop music on today’s youth and whether or not it has a negative influence. Brenda L. Williams-Capers Professor Dana Taylor English Composition II December 11, 2011 Over the year’s many researchers have conducted studies on the effects of rap/hip-hop on today’s youth. The results have been mixed; however there are indications that some forms of Rap/Hip-Hop music could have negative influence on today’s youth. This is due to the fact that youth start to adapt the negative aspects of the gangster rap, by displaying aggressive behaviors and committing crimes of violence. Rap gets a bad rap because some songs contain explicit lyrics, drugs, alcohol and sex. A study conducted by Ralph J. DiClemente (2003) indicated that teen girls who spend more than 14 hours per week watching the sex and violence depicted in the â€Å"reel† life of â€Å"gangster† rap music videos are more likely to practice these behaviors in real life. Also, this study suggested that those teens were also three times more likely to hit a teacher, over 2.5 times more likely to get arrested, twice as likely to have multiple sexual partners, and 1.5 times more likely to get a sexually transmitted disease, use drugs, or drink alcohol. This is an indication that today’s youth that listen to these songs over and over again for long period of times could have behavior and aggressive issues. Tanner (2009) indicated that there is a sense of injustice that rap is often said to involve young people with the police and courts. The study also indicates that youth who listen to rap music have a stronger connection to property crimes than the crimes of violence, and the likelihood of committing those crimes are probably increased by poverty rather than listening to rap/hip-hop music. In a radio broadcast, Ed. Gordon (2006) mentioned two studies which addressed the effect that rap music has on today’s youth. The first study conducted by The Prevention Research Center of the Pacific instituted for Research and Evaluation in Berkeley, Calif., indicated that rap songs were linked to alcohol addictions, drug use, and violence among youth. Also, a study conducted by The Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, Georgetown University, also suggested that youths are exposure to alcohol thought targeted marketing advertising for beer and ale by 66 percent for youth between the age of 12-20 and 81 percent market exposure to distilled spirits. Nearly two-thirds of rap songs mentioned illicit drugs and nearly half of rap songs mentioned alcohol compared to other types of music. The overexposure to alcohol was connected to cognacs and brandies, both which are linked lyrics in hip-hop and rap music, which rappers glorify and advertise in their songs. Rap music is also used to advertise clothing, sneakers, and cars. Rappers are walking billboards and today’s youth want that same swagger. Cited in The Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter (2003), a study was conducted by a group of researchers from Iowa State University and The Texas Department of Human Services who examined over 500 students who had listened to seven violent songs and eight non-violent songs. This study measured student’s aggressive thoughts and their feelings. The results were that violent songs led to more aggressive interpretation of words that also increased the speed in which the students read aggressive vs. non-aggressive works and increased the proportion of word fragments that filled in to make aggressive words. Their study also indicated that the violent songs increased violent thoughts causing youth to act out. The popularity of Rap/Hip-Hop music and Hip/Hop styles has now reached the Middle East. Iraqis youth in are now starting to imitate hip-hop lifestyles of American soldiers. Youth have now started to adapt hip-hop styles such as, dancing, wearing baggy pants, slangy English, and cutting $ signs into their close cropped hair. Tattoos are now also becoming popular among Iraqis youth. This goes against Islam’s strictures on baring their skin. Not all Iraqis welcome the culture of the American Hip/Hop style, because they feel that Iraqis youth are now beginning to reject authority and other forbidden behaviors, like engaging in forbidden love affairs. Iraqis youth feel that their eyes are now open to the outside world since living under Saddam Hussein’s dictatorship. Iraqis youth are now also starting to use the internet and are watching satellite TV, which allows them better understanding of American cultures, both positive and negative aspects. In a book written by Michael Dyson, â€Å"Reflecting Black: African-American Cultural Criticism. He addressed the question† Is Rap music really as dangerous as many critics argue:† Michael Dyson (1993) states that Rap music is a form of profound musical, cultural, and social creativity. He also stated that Rap music expresses the desire of young black people to reclaim their history. He defenses the negative impact on Rap/ Hip-hop music, which the general public claims that Rap/Hip-Hop expresses and causes violence among youth. It is in his opinion that many rappers have spoken against the violence in Rap/Hip-Hop. Rappers KRS-One spoke against black on black crimes in a song titled â€Å"Stop the Violence† and â€Å"Self Destruction†. Rapper KRS-One wanted youths to realize that not all Rap/Hip-Hop music called for violence behavior among youth. Also, rappers such as Will Smith and his partner DJ Jazzy Jeff rapped positive messages to youth about having fun in the summer time, not glorifying drugs, alcohol or sex. Some feel that rap can be negative and positive on today’s youth. Michael Dyson (1993) feels that Rap/Hip-Hop music is getting a bad rap. Could that be true, or is Rap/Hip-Hop really unhealthy for today’s youth? Over the year’s research, books and studied have been conducted to determine if violent and explicit lyrics in Rap/Hip-Hop music really causes or promotes violence in today’s youth. Since it’s beginning in the 1970’s Rap/Hip-Hop has gone from being fun to listen to now being a explicit rated albums. In today’s time Rap/Hip-Hop glorifies drugs, violence, and sex at an alarming rate. Today’s youth are also embracing the lifestyles’ of rappers in their language and attitudes, with their want of money, cars, drugs and alcohol that rappers talk about in their lyrics causing them to become materialistic teenagers. What must we do as concerned parents? We must be aware of what our children are watching and listening to. Parents must be involved in what their children are purchasing and they must ask questions to understand what their children are experiencing. In the 1990’s C. Dolores started a crusade to stop the sale of offensive rap music to minors. Mrs. Tucker outspokenness earned her enemies, however she remained relentless with her crusade against what is called gangster rap. Her concerns were that the lyrics were misogynistic and threatened the moral foundation of the African American community. Conclusion Rap/Hip-Hop music became popular in the 70’s, since than it has changed the world; youth in every corner of the globe have adopted the culture, the speech and the style. Because Rap/Hip-Hop music has become so popular, many people think that this type of music is making today’s youth more violent, due to the glorification of violent, explicit language, sex, disrespect for authority, and disrespect towards women. Just as parents teach their kids not to do drug, they should also teach their kids that rapper is only for entertainment, it is a business for rappers to sale albums to make money. It is a business for them. It is all about album sales. We should all follow Mrs. Tuckers’ example by taking a stand against anything that could have a negative effective on our youth. Rappers should realize that they are role models to most of our youth and stop thinking about their pockets. References DiClemente, R.J., Wingood, G.M., Bernhardt, J.M., Robillard, A., Harrington, K., Davies, S.L., and Hook, E.W. A Prospective Study of Exposure of Rap Music Videos and African American Female Adolescents’ Health. American Journal of Public Health. (2003). Dyson, M.E., Reflecting Black: African-American Cultural Criticism. Minneapolis, MN, USA: University of Minnesota, 1993 p.38 Gordon, E., N News, News & Notes, 8 May 2006 Tanner, J.; Asbridge, M.; & Wortley, S. (2009). â€Å"Listening to Rap: Cultures of Crime, Cultures of Resistance.† Social Forces, 88(2): 693-722. The Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter 2003 www.newblackmagizine.com

Ch1 Analysis

CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL REPORTING MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Charging off equipment that cost less than $20 would be an example of the application of: a. |going concern| b. |cost| c. |matching| d. |materiality| e. |realization| ANS:D 2. The going concern assumption: a. |is applicable to all financial statements| b. |primarily involves periodic income measurement| c. |allows for the statements to be prepared under generally accepted accounting principles| d. |requires that accounting procedures be the same from period to period| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:C 3.Understating assets and revenues is justified based on: a. |realization assumption| b. |matching| c. |consistency| d. |realization| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:E 4. The assumption that enables us to prepare periodic statements between the time that a business commences operations and the time it goes out of business is: a. |time period| b. |business entity| c. |historical cost| d. |transactio n| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:A 5. Valuing assets at their liquidation values is not consistent with: a. |conservatism| b. |materiality| c. |going concern| d. |time period| . |none of the answers are correct| ANS:C 6. The business being separate and distinct from the owners is an integral part of the: a. |time period assumption| b. |going concern assumption| c. |business entity assumption| d. |realization assumption| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:C 7. The principle that assumes the reader of the financial statements is not interested in the liquidation values is: a. |conservatism| b. |matching| c. |time period| d. |realization| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:E 8. An accounting period that ends when operations are at a low ebb is: a. a calendar year| b. |a fiscal year| c. |the natural business year| d. |an operating year| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:C 9. The accounting principle that assumes that inflation will not take place or will be immaterial is: a. |monetary unit| b. |historical cost| c. |realization| d. |going concern| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:A 10. Valuing inventory at the lower of cost or market is an application of the: a. |time period assumption| b. |realization principle| c. |going concern principle| d. |conservatism principle| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:D 11.The realization principle leads accountants to usually recognize revenue at: a. |the end of production| b. |during production| c. |the receipt of cash| d. |the point of sale| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:D 12. The comment that â€Å"items that are not material may be recorded in the financial statements in the most economical and expedient manner possible† is representative of: a. |matching| b. |conservatism| c. |realization| d. |materiality| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:D 13. The assumption that deals with when to recognize the costs that are associated with the revenue that is being re cognized is: a. matching| b. |going concern| c. |consistency| d. |materiality| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:A 14. The most significant current source of generally accepted accounting principles is the: a. |New York Stock Exchange| b. |Accounting Principles Board| c. |Accounting Research Studies| d. |AICPA committee on Accounting Procedure| e. |Financial Accounting Standards Board| ANS:E 15. All but one of the following statements indicates a difference between the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and prior approaches. Select the one that is not a difference. a. The FASB is independent of the AICPA. | b. |The size of the board is much smaller. | c. |The FASB has broader representation. | d. |The FASB is the primary board for the development of generally accepted accounting principles. | e. |Members of the FASB serve on a full-time basis. | ANS:D 16. The Accounting Principles Board issued Opinions between: a. |1959-1973| b. |1939-1959| c. |1973-present| d. |1966 -1976| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:A 17. The Financial Accounting Standards Board has issued statements between: a. |1960-1973| b. |1939-1959| c. |1973-present| d. 1966-1976| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:C 18. Accountants face a problem of when to recognize revenue. Which of the following methods of recognizing revenue is not used in practice? a. |point of sale| b. |point of order acceptance| c. |end of production| d. |receipt of cash| e. |revenue recognized during production| ANS:B 19. The organization that has by federal law the responsibility to adopt auditing standards is the: a. |New York Stock Exchange| b. |Public Company Accounting Oversight Board| c. |Accounting Principles Board| d. |Financial Accounting Standards Board| . |AICPA Committee on Accounting Procedure| ANS:B 20. By law, the setting of accounting standards is the responsibility of the: a. |AICPA Committee on Accounting Procedure| b. |New York Stock Exchange| c. |Accounting Principles Board | d. |Securities and Exchange Commission| e. |Financial Accounting Standards Board| ANS:D 21. The assumption that allows accountants to accept some inaccuracy, because of incomplete information about the future, in exchange for more timely reporting is: a. |conservatism| b. |time period| c. |business entity| d. |materiality| e. |realization| ANS:B 22.Which of the following does not relate to The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)? a. |Two members of the board must be CPAs| b. |In addition to appointing the five members of the PCAOB, the SEC is responsible for the oversight and enforcement authority over the Board| c. |The PCAOB consists of five members appointed by the SEC| d. |The PCAOB is to adopt auditing standards| e. |The PCAOB is to adopt accounting standards| ANS:E 23. Understating expenses is justified based on: a. |time period assumption| b. |conservatism assumption| c. |materiality assumption| d. |matching assumption| . |none of the answers are correct| ANS: E 24. At the end of the fiscal year, an adjusting entry is made that increases salaries payable and increases salaries expense. This entry is an application of which accounting principle? a. |full disclosure| b. |materiality| c. |matching| d. |realization| e. |historical cost| ANS:C 25. Accountants provide for inflation using which of the following accounting principles? a. |going concern| b. |time period| c. |conservatism| d. |materiality| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:E 26. Which of these measurement attributes is not currently used in practice? . |historical cost| b. |relevant cost| c. |current market value| d. |current cost| e. |present value| ANS:B 27. The following data relate to Swift Company for the year ended December 31, 2008. Swift Company uses the accrual basis. Sales on credit|$250,000| Cost of inventory sold on credit|170,000| Collections from customers|220,000| Purchase of inventory on credit|150,000| Payment for purchases|140,000| Selling expenses (accrual basis)|40,000| Payment for selling expenses|45,000| Which of the following amounts represents income for Swift Company for the year ended December 31, 2008? a. $60,000| b. |$50,000| c. |$40,000| d. |$35,000| e. |$30,000| ANS:C 28. The following data relate to Rocket Company for the year ended December 31, 2008. Rocket Company uses the cash basis. Sales on credit|$180,000| Cost of inventory sold on credit|130,000| Collections from customers|170,000| Purchase of inventory on credit|140,000| Payment for purchases|150,000| Selling expenses (accrual basis)|20,000| Payment for selling expenses|25,000| Which of the following amounts represents income for Rocket Company for the year ended December 31, 2008? a. |$30,000| b. |$5,000 loss| c. |$40,000| . |$45,000| e. |$50,000| ANS:B 29. The following data relate to Gorr Company for the year ended December 31, 2008. Gorr Company uses the accrual basis. Sales for cash|$200,000| Sales for credit| 220,000| Cost of inventory sold | 180,000| Collec tions from customers| 300,000| Purchases of inventory on credit| 190,000| Payment for purchases| 180,000| Selling expenses (accrual basis)| 50,000| Payment for selling expenses| 60,000| Which of the following represents income for Gorr Company for the year ended December 31, 2008? a. |$180,000| b. |$185,000| c. |$190,000| d. |$200,000| e. none of the answers are correct| ANS:C 30. The following data relate to Falcon Company for the year ended December 31, 2008. Falcon Company uses the cash basis. Sales for cash|$180,000| Sales for credit| 190,000| Cost of inventory sold| 210,000| Collections from customers| 350,000| Purchases of inventory on credit| 200,000| Payment for purchases| 220,000| Selling expenses (accrual basis)| 60,000| Payment for selling expenses| 70,000| Which of the following amounts represents income for Falcon Company for the year ended December 31, 2008? a. |$90,000| b. |$80,000| c. |$70,000| d. $60,000| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:D 31. Other than Dec ember, the most popular month for fiscal year-end is: a. |January| b. |March| c. |June| d. |September| e. |October| ANS:D TRUE/FALSE 1. In order to determine the economic success of a grocery store, we should view it as separate from the other resources that are owned by this individual. ANS:T 2. Many of our present financial statement figures would be misleading if it were not for the going concern assumption. ANS:T 3. The going concern assumption does not influence the classification of assets and liabilities. ANS:F 4.The most accurate way to account for the success or failure of an entity is to accumulate all transactions from the opening of business until the business eventually liquidates. ANS:T 5. An entity usually cannot reasonably account for the profits related to inventory until that inventory is sold in the normal course of business. ANS:T 6. To the extent that money does not remain stable, it loses its usefulness as the standard for measuring financial transactions. ANS: T 7. A loss in value of money is called inflation. ANS:T 8. At the time of originally recording a transaction, historical cost also represents the fair market value.ANS:T 9. It would always be conservative to value inventory at market. ANS:F 10. Accountants normally recognize revenue when cash is received. ANS:F 11. The 1933 and 1934 U. S. federal securities laws virtually gave the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) authority and responsibility for the development of generally accepted accounting principles. ANS:T 12. The Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts are intended to provide the Financial Accounting Standards Board with a common foundation and the basic underlying reasoning on which to consider the merits of various alternative accounting principles. ANS:T 13.Eventually, the Financial Accounting Standards Board intends to evaluate current principles in terms of the concepts established in the Financial Accounting Concepts. ANS:T 14. Financial Accounting Concepts establish generally accepted accounting principles. ANS:F 15. According to the second Financial Accounting Concept, those characteristics of information that make it a desirable commodity can be viewed as a hierarchy of qualities, with understandability and usefulness for decision making of most importance. ANS:T 16. Performance indicators for nonbusiness organizations are usually formal budgets and donor restrictions.ANS:T 17. Reasonable inaccuracies of accounting for an entity, short of its complete life span, are accepted. ANS:T 18. Using the business entity assumption, the financial statements are prepared separate and distinct from the owners of the entity. ANS:T 19. The time period assumption indicates that the entity will remain in business for an indefinite period time. ANS:F 20. Timeliness is a pervasive constraint imposed upon financial accounting information. ANS:F 21. Relevance and reliability are two primary qualities that make accounting information useful for decision making. ANS:T 22.Predictive value, feedback value, and timeliness are ingredients needed to ensure that the information is reliable. ANS:F 23. Decision usefulness is a pervasive constraint imposed upon financial accounting information. ANS:F 24. Relevance is a quality requiring that the information be timely and that it also have predictive value or feedback value or both. ANS:T 25. The SEC has the authority to determine generally accepted accounting principles and to regulate the accounting profession. ANS:T 26. Some industry practices lead to accounting reports that do not conform to the general theory that underlies accounting.ANS:T 27. All important events that influence the prospects for the entity are recorded and therefore are reflected in the financial statements. ANS:F 28. The accrual basis of accounting recognizes revenue when realized (realization concept) and expenses when incurred (matching concept). ANS:T 29. The cash basis recognizes revenue when cash is received and expenses when cash is paid. ANS:T 30. The accountant records only the events that affect the financial position of the entity and that can be reasonably determined in monetary terms. ANS:T 31.The Sarbanes-Oxley Act has far-reaching consequences for financial reporting and the CPA profession. ANS:T 32. Among the many responsibilities of the PCAOB is to adopt accounting standards. ANS:F 33. For a public company, the SEC requires that a report be filed annually on its internal control systems. ANS:T 34. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act has had an insignificant effect on the relationship between the company and the internal auditor. ANS:F 35. Reporting under Sarbanes-Oxley revealed that very few companies had material weaknesses in their controls and processes. ANS:F 36.Private companies are required to report under Sarbanes-Oxley. ANS:F 37. Some firms question the costs/benefits of implementing Sarbanes-Oxley. ANS:T 38. For many companies that use December 31 for the year-end, we cannot tell if December 31 was selected because it represents a natural business year or if it was selected to represent a calendar year. ANS:T 39. Accounting Trends & Techniques is a compilation of data obtained by a survey of 600 annual reports to stockholders undertaken for the purpose of analyzing the accounting information disclosed in such reports. ANS:T 40.Many companies are on a 51-52 week fiscal year. ANS:F 41. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act has materiality implications. ANS:T 42. Web sites are not very useful when performing analysis. ANS:F 43. Accounting standards codification TM reorganizes the accounting pronouncements into approximately 90 accounting topics. ANS:T 44. Accounting standards codification TM addresses U. S. GAAP for nongovernmental entities. ANS:T PROBLEMS 1. Required: Listed below are several accounting principles and assumptions. Match the letter of each with the appropriate statement. a. Business entity|e. Historical cost|i.Full disclosure| b. Going concern|f. Conservatism|j . Verifiability| c. Time period|g. Realization|k. Materiality| d. Monetary unit|h. Consistency|l. Industry practices| 1. |Some industry practices lead to accounting reports that do not conform to the general theory that underlies accounting. | 2. |Requires the accountant to adhere as closely as possible to verifiable data. | 3. |Requires the entity to give the same treatment to comparable transactions. | 4. |Directs that the measurement that has the least favorable effect on net income and financial position in the current period be selected. 5. |The decision is made to accept some inaccuracy because of incomplete information about the future in exchange for more timely reporting. | 6. |Involves the relative size and importance of an item to a firm. | 7. |A reasonable summarization of financial information is required. | 8. |Deals with the problem of when to recognize revenue. | 9. |The primary value that is used for financial statements. | 10. |Standard of measure for financial sta tements. | 11. |The assumption that the entity being accounted for will remain in business for an indefinite period of time. 12. |Assumption that a business's financial statements are separate and distinct from the personal transactions of the owners. | ANS: 1. |l| 2. |j| 3. |h| 4. |f| 5. |c| 6. |k| 7. |i| 8. |g| 9. |e| 10. |d| 11. |b| 12. |a| 2. Required: State the accounting principle or assumption that is most applicable: a. |The company uses the same accounting principle from period to period. | b. |Financial statements are prepared periodically. | c. |Subscriptions paid in advance are recorded as unearned subscription income. | d. |All significant financial transactions are reported. | e. Personal transactions of the stockholders are not recorded on the company's financial statements. | f. |Land is recorded at $10,000, which was the amount paid. Current value of the land is $25,000. | g. |The accountants determine that the company is in danger of going bankrupt and therefore re fuse to certify the statements as prepared according to generally accepted accounting principles. | h. |The company loses a major customer and does not record a loss. | ANS: a. |consistency| b. |time period| c. |realization| d. |full disclosure| e. |business entity| f. |historical cost| g. |going concern| h. |transaction approach| . Listed below are ten interrelated elements that are directly related to measuring performance and status of an enterprise according to SFAC No. 6, â€Å"Elements of Financial Statements. † a. Assets|f. Comprehensive income| b. Liabilities|g. Revenues| c. Equity|h. Expenses| d. Investments by owners|i. Gains| e. Distribution to owners|j. Losses| Required: Match the letter with the appropriate definition. 1. |Probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of a particular entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future as a result of past transactions or events. 2. |Increases in the equi ty of a particular business enterprise resulting from transfers to the enterprise from other entities of something of value to obtain or increase ownership interests (or equity) in it. Assets are most commonly received as investments by owners, but that which is received may also include services or satisfaction or conversion of liabilities of the enterprise. | 3. |A decrease in the equity of a particular business enterprise resulting from transferring assets, rendering services, or incurring liabilities by the enterprise to owners.Decreases ownership interest (or equity) in an enterprise. | 4. |Decreases in the equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transactions of an entity and from all other transactions and other events and circumstances affecting the entity during a period, except those that result from expenses or distributions to owners. | 5. |Outflows or other consumption or using up of assets or incurrences of liabilities (or a combination of both) from deliverin g or producing goods, rendering services, or carrying out other activities that onstitute the entity's ongoing major or central operations. | 6. |The change in equity (net assets) of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from nonowner sources. It includes all changes in equity during a period, except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. | 7. |Probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events. | 8. |The residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting its liabilities. 9. |Inflows or other enhancements of assets of an entity or settlements of its liabilities (or a combination of both) from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or engaging in other activities that constitute the entity's ongoing major or central operations. | 10. |Increases in the equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transa ctions of an entity and from all other transactions and other events and circumstances from revenues or investments by owners. | ANS: 1. |b| 2. |d| 3. |e| 4. |j| 5. |h| 6. |f| 7. |a| 8. |c| 9. |g| 10. |i| 4.Listed below are several qualitative characteristics. a. |understandability| b. |usefulness for decision making| c. |relevance| d. |reliability| e. |predictive| f. |feedback value| g. |timely| h. |verifiable| i. |representational faithfulness| j. |neutrality| k. |comparability| l. |materiality| m. |benefits of information should exceed its cost| Required: Match the letter (or letters) that goes with each statement. 1. |Two constraints included in the hierarchy. | 2. |For this quality, the information needs to have predictive and feedback value and be timely. | 3. These are the qualitative characteristics that are viewed as having the most importance. | 4. |SFAC No. 2 indicates that to be reliable, the information needs to have these characteristics. | 5. |Interacts with relevance and reliability to contribute to the usefulness of information. | 6. |Two primary qualities that make accounting information useful for decision making. | 7. |For this quality, the information must be verifiable, subject to representational faithfulness, and neutral. | 8. |SFAC No. 2 indicates that to be relevant, the information needs to have these characteristics. |ANS: 1. |l, m| 2. |c| 3. |a, b| 4. |h, i, j| 5. |k| 6. |c, d| 7. |d| 8. |e, f, g| 5. Listed below are ten phrases with the appropriate abbreviation. a. |Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)| b. |Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)| c. |American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)| d. |Accounting Principles Board (APB)| e. |Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)| f. |Statements of Financial Standards (SFAS)| g. |Discussion Memorandum (DM)| h. |Statements of Position (SOP)| i. |Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF)| j. |Financial Reporting Releases (FRRs)| k. The Public Company Accounting O versight Board (PCAOB)| Required: Match the letter with the appropriate definition. 1. |Issued by the SEC and give the SEC's official position on matters relating to financial reports. | 2. |Accounting principles that have substantial authoritative support. | 3. |A task force of representatives from the accounting profession created by the FASB to deal with emerging issues of financial reporting. | 4. |Created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. | 5. |Issued by the Accounting Standards Division of the AICPA to influence the development of accounting standards. 6. |A professional accounting organization whose members are certified public accountants (CPAs). | 7. |Issued official opinion on accounting standards between 1959-1973. | 8. |This board issues four types of pronouncements: (1) Statements of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS), (2) Interpretations, (3) Technical Bulletins, and (4) Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts (SFAC). | 9. |Presents all known facts and poi nts of view on a topic; issued by the FASB. | 10. |Issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and establish GAAP for specific accounting issues. 11. |Responsible for adopting auditing standards. | ANS: 1. |j| 2. |a| 3. |i| 4. |b| 5. |h| 6. |c| 7. |d| 8. |e| 9. |g| 10. |f| 11. |k| 6. Listed below are Concept Statements. a. |Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 1| b. |Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 2| c. |Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 3| d. |Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 4| e. |Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 5| f. |Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 6| g. |Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7| Required:Match the letter that goes with each Concept Statement title. 1. |Objectives of Financial Reporting by nonbusiness| 2. |Elements of Financial Statements of Business Enterprises| 3. |Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information| 4. |Elements of Financial Statements (a replacement of No. 3)| 5. |Objective of Financial Reporting by Business Enterprises| 6. |Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprise| 7. |Using Cash Flow Information in Accounting Measurements| ANS: 1. |d| 2. |c| 3. |b| 4. |f| 5. |a| 6. |e| 7. |g|

Literary Villains: Iago and Krogstad Essay

In â€Å"Othello† and â€Å"A Doll House†, the two plays resulted in destruction of two families due to one’s jealousy and revenge. The antagonist in â€Å"Othello† is Iago who served as Othello ancient in the play was against him from the start. Iago had several motives for plotting against Othello, because they did not give him the rank of Lieutenant and he did not approve of the marriage between Othello and Desdemona. In â€Å"A Doll House†, Krogstad was an employee of Mr. Helmer and he knew that he was going to lose his job. These two characters had motives, which resulted in them to develop plots that were not similar, but they both had the same life-altering outcome and were successful. In the play, â€Å"Othello† Iago provided clues that he was going to destroy Othello. In Act I, Scene 1, Iago and Rodrigo (a gulled gentle man) were talking about the promotion of Michael Cassio (Othello’s Lieutenant) and he (Iago) should have been the one to receive the promotion. Iago states â€Å"One Michael Cassio, a Florentine (A fellow almost damned in a fair wife) that never set a squadron in the field, nor the division of a battle knows more than a spinster; unless the bookish theoric, wherein the togged consuls can propose as masterly as he†. He means that Cassio is not married and that he has no experience of leading troops into the battlefield, because Cassio has not gone into war. Iago is jealous that he was did not receive that promotion and he his disloyalty towards Othello. Othello were reference as him, Moor (black) and thick-lips according to the definition in the play it means â€Å"An Elizabethan epithet for blacks, including Moors†. Iago did not approve of Othello and Desdemona’s elopement. Iago informed Brabantino (Desdemona’s Father) of her daughter’s marriage to Othello, he states, â€Å"I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs†. Iago is also an instigator; he wanted to get Brabantino angry over his daughter’s marriage. In Act I, Scene II, Brabantino states â€Å"O thou foul thief, where hast thou stowed my daughter? Damned as thou art, thou hast enchanted her! † Everyone was against Othello with the assistance from Iago. In â€Å"A Doll House† Nils Krogstad knew that his employment at the bank was ending and that Nora’s husband (Torvald Helmer) is now in charge of the bank. Nora took out a loan from Mr. Krogstad without Mr. Helmer (Nora’s husband) knowledge and he threatens that he will tell her husband about the loan. Mr. Krogstad is also aware that there are forged signatures on the loan documents. Nora tried to convince her husband not to fire Mr. Krogstad, but Mr. Helmer is appalled at his wife for taking Mr. Krogstad’s side. The conversation between Nora and Helmer resulted in him sending Mr. Krogstad’s notice immediately. Iago and Krogstad were successful in their plans. In â€Å"Othello†, Iago used numerous schemes to turn everyone against each other. The first one was to turn Othello against Cassio; the second was to make Othello believe that Desdemona and Cassio were having an affair and thirdly his plan for the death of Cassio with hopes of them killing each other. The outcome of Iago’s plan was the death of Rodrigo (who was set up to kill Cassio), Othello killing Desdemona, the death of Emilia (wife to Iago and Desdemona’s friend) and the death of Othello (suicide). In â€Å"A Doll House†, Ms. Linde (Nora’s friend and ex friend of Krogstad) convinced Krogstad that they should belong together and he no longer wanted to blackmail Nora. Ms. Linde was going to convince Krogstad to take his letter back, but she decided that it is best for Nora to be honest to her husband. Mr. Helmer read the letter and was furious. He stated that â€Å"Oh what an awful awakening! In all these eight years- she who was my pride and joy- a hypocrite, a liar- worse, worse- a criminal! † Mr. Helmer reconsiders when he reads the apology letter from Krogstad, but Nora declines. The two plays were similar in the plots to ruin lives, but they do not share the same outcome, because Krogstad apologized for threatening Nora but this revelation opened a door for Nora to end her marriage with Mr. Helmer.

The individual, social, economic, legal or political factors

The war in Bosnia and the mines planted in some parts of Bosnia might also have impact on Ado current circumstances. In Bosnia during the war some mines were planted by people when they were running away from the war. This makes people to go only in areas where the mines have been cleared and to keep away from area the areas where the mines are still planted. (wikitravel 2008) This factor might be influencing Ado to move because of the danger associated with The landmines planted in some parts and the war in Bosnia.†¢ The wages given to Ado might also hinder his current circumstances. The wages might be too small to sustain his needs and the needs of his family, so by moving to Brisbane hotel in Australia he might get a better pay than what he is getting now. †¢ Ado might be interested in fulfilling his dream of working for the Brisbane Hotels given that they are one of the biggest five star hotels in the world, so that dream might be a driving force for him to move to Bris bane hotels.†¢ The â€Å"political temperature† in Australia (where Brisbane hotel are located) might be conducive compared to the one of Bosnia, this might also drive Ado to move away from Bosnia, because where the â€Å"political temperature† is cool business do thrive, hence the income of Ado is likely to increase because Brisbane hotel is located where the â€Å"political temperature† is cool, there is that strong belief that they are paying well compared to where Ado was previously working at in Bosnia.†¢ With war come insecurity, Ado might also be affected by the insecurity situation in Bosnia; this might make him to want to move away from Bosnia so that he can go to Brisbane hotels in Australia where the security is serene. †¢ Religion may also be a factor given that in Bosnia population Orthodox are 31%, Roman Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%, Muslim 44% while others are 6%, while in Australia over 70% are Christians, maybe Ado is a Christian a nd he doesn’t enjoying putting up in an area dominated by Muslims. 2.Strategies to use to help save Ado †¢ Ado will be helped in shipping his goods and other household items from Bosnia to Australia. †¢ I will enroll Ado for a cultural orientation program; this will benefit him because it will help him to make adjustment to the Australian culture. This will include habits of eating, eating joint, food eaten, understanding the local currency, his interaction with the other employees, among others. This will make Ado to familiarize himself with the culture and custom for the success of the Brisbane hotel.(Jossy. 1998) †¢ I will help him get a good school for his children. †¢ Ado, his family and his entire house hold will be insured just like other employees of Brisbane hotel, labor laws for foreigners working in Australia will have to be adhered with. †¢ Ado together with his family will be entitled to a return ticket to Bosnia once every year. †¢ I will take him through an orientation within the Brisbane hotel until he is familiar with the hotel operations †¢ I will show Ado some joints where Bosnians do meet.This will make him to be meeting his fellow Bosnians so as to make him not to fill home sick. †¢ I will take Ado for further induction training in management of hotels in Australia given that the way hotels in Bosnia operate might be slightly different from the way they operate Brisbane hotel in Australia. †¢ I will take Ado around the area so that he gets familiarizes him with the places around the hotel, this will make him not to get lost and probably he will fill at home while working for Brisbane hotel in Australia, which is far away from home.†¢ Ado will be entitled to a one month paid leave. †¢ I will also encourage him to enroll in English language classes so that he can know how to speak in English. 3. Productivity will be increased in the following ways: †¢ Given that Ado now knows English he will be communicating efficiently with the other staff, because he will be able to lead his junior efficiently. †¢ Productivity will also be increased because Ado will come with some new idea from restaurants in Bosnia which might not be in Brisbane in Australia.†¢ Productivity will be enhanced because the entire staff will be effective because of lack of communication barrier or cultural ignorance between Ado and the other people working for Brisbane Hotel. †¢ Productivity will also increase because Ado would have known Brisbane hotels environment well so he wont waste time looking up for places. †¢ Productivity will also increase because Ado will not be Home sick as such, because he will be meeting his fellow Bosnians in those places where I would have shown him. Lack of home sickness will make him concentrate fully at work.This will increase his productivity at Brisbane hotel. †¢ Ado will have familiarized himself with the culture and customs of the communities in which the hotel is situated this will make him fill part and parcel of the community, hence psychologically he will have settled. This will make him work efficiently hence increasing the production. †¢ Given that Ado will be given a month paid leave, it will give him the morale to work efficiently this will result in increase in productivity of Braisen Hotel in Australia.†¢ Given that Ado his insured he will have courage to work in odd places in order to keep the production going on efficiently. Reference Balderngen, l. (2002) new complete Executive manners. Gianneto, D. (2002) The Performance grid, Netscape press Himmelweit, S, . Simonetti, R. Trigg, A. , Microeconomics (2001) Cengage learning EMEA Window. C, employee in a new working environment, the journal of philosophy of Employees volume 12 page 21